A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, nuts, beans, olive oil and fish is good for the heart. Might it also be good for the brain? Evidence increasingly points in that direction. Analyses show that following an anti-inflammatory diet loaded with plants might help some of us avoid dementia.
New Data on Diet and Dementia in the UK:
Data from the UK Biobank reveals that diet can make a difference when it comes to cognitive health. Researchers analyzed data from over 80,000 participants in the UK Biobank (JAMA Network Open, Aug. 12, 2024). These people did not have dementia when they were recruited between 2006 and 2010. They underwent extensive health testing. Followup lasted until 2022.
Cardiometabolic Diseases Raise the Risk:
Those who had conditions like diabetes, heart disease and stroke, categorized as cardiometabolic disease, were more likely to experience cognitive decline if they followed a pro-inflammatory diet. Foods such as sugar-sweetened beverages, refined grains, processed meats and fried foods are considered pro-inflammatory.
On the other hand, those who consumed an anti-inflammatory diet were 31% less likely to develop dementia. To achieve an anti-inflammatory score, people ate more fatty fish, nuts, berries, ginger, green leafy veggies and turmeric.
The authors conclude that
“Together, these results highlight an anti-inflammatory diet as a modifiable factor that may support brain and cognitive health among people with CMDs [cardiometabolic diseases].”
How Does Diet Affect the Risk of Dementia? An Earlier Review:
A review in the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease evaluated the role of diet (Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Nov. 3, 2023). According to the evidence from cross-cultural studies, plant-based diets reduce the risk of developing dementia. That would include the traditional diets of China, Japan, India and many Mediterranean countries.
Raising the Risk with the Standard American Diet:
In comparison, a meat-heavy Western-style diet raises the risk. Higher consumption of hamburgers, barbecue and other red meat along with ultraprocessed foods made from refined grains and sugar seems especially dangerous. Eating meat increases inflammation, insulin resistance, and advanced glycation end products. These are all risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease.
In contrast, legumes, fruits and vegetables, especially green vegetables, seem to offer protection. Based on the current American diet and the usual 20-year lag between dietary change and dementia, the authors predict that Alzheimer disease will be 50% more common by 2038. It suggests, however, that people who give up ultraprocessed foods in favor of real food could lower their chance for dementia.
Cognitive Function and Modified Mediterranean Ketogenic Diet:
Several studies of the Mediterranean diet have demonstrated its benefits for the brain. Some studies suggest that a modified Mediterranean diet might work even better to help you avoid dementia. But not all the trials provide the same rosy picture. An analysis of 11 studies evaluating the MIND diet (see a fuller explanation below) for prevention or treatment of dementia produced generally positive results (Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Oct. 31, 2023). However, as the author notes, results varied from one study to another for different cognitive domains.
One trial, published in the journal Alzheimer’s & Dementia, compared a modified Mediterranean ketogenic diet to a low-fat American Heart Association-type diet (Alzheimer’s & Dementia, April 5, 2023). The researchers recruited 20 older people with prediabetes. Nine of them also had mild cognitive impairment. Then, the investigators randomly assigned the volunteers to follow one of these diets for six weeks. There was then a six-week washout period and following that, another six weeks on the alternative diet.
Five times during the study, researchers examined stool samples for gut microbes. The study was too small to generalize to all people with cognitive impairment. However, the scientists concluded that a modified Mediterranean ketogenic diet seems more likely to help people avoid dementia. A modified Mediterranean ketogenic diet is low in carbohydrates and rich in healthy fats such as olive oil.
What You Eat May Help You Avoid Dementia:
Investigators who have completed previous studies agree that a diet rich in olive oil and vegetables following the Mediterranean model may help you avoid dementia.
The Health and Retirement Study:
The same diet that protects the heart may reduce cognitive impairment as people age. Roughly 6,000 older Americans participating in the Health and Retirement Study took tests to assess their cognitive function. They also recorded data about their diets. Those who stuck closely to a Mediterranean-type diet or a MIND diet were 35 percent more likely to do well on the tests (Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, April 25, 2017).
What Is the MIND Diet?
The MIND diet combines features of the Mediterranean diet with the DASH diet. The name stands for “Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay.” This eating plan includes plenty of leafy vegetables, berries, beans, nuts and fruit. In addition, people consume whole grains, fish and occasionally chicken. The primary fat is olive oil, and people may drink some wine with meals. People on a MIND diet avoid fried foods, sweets, butter, margarine, cheese and red meat. In a meta-analysis of 13 studies, older individuals following a MIND diet had better cognitive function than those on other diets (Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2022).
The Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study:
Other studies also support the MIND diet to avoid dementia. Participants in both the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study and those in the Rush Memory and Aging Project experienced less cognitive decline if they followed a MIND diet (Nutrients, July 3, 2022). Genetic susceptibility also played a role in determining who was able to avoid dementia.
Disappointing Results from the MIND Diet:
So far, all the studies we’ve described have offered encouragement. Not long ago, however, researchers published the results of a randomized controlled trial with 604 participants (New England Journal of Medicine, Aug. 17, 2023). The volunteers passed their initial cognitive tests without difficulty, but they had a family history of dementia and were overweight. Before participating in the trial, their diets were not great.
The researchers assigned 301 people to follow the MIND diet and 303 to a control diet. All the diets had reduced energy so that people would lose weight. After three years, all the volunteers had gotten better at the cognitive assessments, possibly a function of becoming more familiar with the tests. Although those in the MIND diet group scored better than those in the control group, the difference was not statistically significant. Consequently, we need to moderate our enthusiasm. Perhaps it takes longer than three years for diet to make a difference. Or perhaps this randomized trial demonstrates that something else about people who follow a Mediterranean or DASH style diet may protect them from cognitive decline.
Learn More:
If you would like guidance on a DASH diet or a Mediterranean diet to help you keep your blood pressure and heart healthy and avoid dementia, you can find it in our book, Quick & Handy Home Remedies.
